The dark tourism Essay Example

The dark tourism Essay Presentation of the Problem Tourism covers legion signifiers of travel and a wide scope of finishs. Dark Tourism describes a niche type of touristry which covers the trial of topographic points where calamities or historically notable deceases have occurred of establishments covering with the heritage of humanity ( Tarlow, 2005 ) . Particularly in the last decennaries, dark touristry has become apparently more popular and has received more attending ( Stone, 2009 ) . Foley and Lennon ( 1999 ) province that touristry associated with sites of decease is registering a rapid growing. Smith ( 1996 ) found in her research on war and touristry that the memorabilia of warfare and allied merchandises likely forms the largest individual class of tourer attractive forces in the universe, despite the calamities and dissuasive incidents which have happened at that place. One of the earliest illustrations of dark tourer sites in the beginning of the nineteenth century was a gaol in the United States of America, which receive d public involvement because of its architectural inventions and fresh patterns ( Stone, 2009 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The dark tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The dark tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The dark tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Meanwhile, sing sites of decease and catastrophe has developed into a worldwide phenomenon. But the demand for dark touristry musca volitanss is various. Beside the affair of decease, involvement in civilization, history or merely the desire for amusement are possible grounds why 1000000s of people are sing topographic points of dark touristry ( Stone, 2006 ) . Despite an increasing sum of surveies on the subject ( Seaton, 1996 ; Lennon and Foley, 2000 ; Sharpley and Stone, 2009 ) there is still a deficiency of understanding what really motivates worlds to see sites of dark touristry and to prosecute themselves with the subjects of decease, catastrophe and race murder. Due to the fact that dark touristry is a turning signifier of touristry, it is necessary to understand why people are motivated to see topographic points where other people have suffered. Purposes of the Bachelor Thesis The intent of this survey is to place the motivations of visitants sing former battlegrounds where historically of import conflicts have been fought. This survey will give a better, theoretically informed apprehension of tourer motive and its function in the determination devising procedure. The undermentioned inquiries will be examined in respects to this subject: Which push factors play a function in visitors? motive to battlefields? Which pull factors play a function in visitors? motive? What function do peculiarly degree of instruction, involvement in history, media and personal connexion drama in visitors? motive? Which other visitant motivations influence the determination to see battlegrounds? Methodology Structure of the Thesis This Bachelor Thesis is divided into a theoretical and an empirical portion. The end of the theoretical portion is to supply and explicate the theories, footings and definitions used in this survey to organize a thorough literature reappraisal to reexamine literature for planing the research and construing the findings. Dark Tourism Definition of Dark Tourism Lennon and Foley described the term dark touristry as the phenomenon which encompasses the presentation and ingestion ( by visitants ) of existent and commodified decease and catastrophe sites ( 1996:198 ) . An illustration of really early signifiers of dark touristry would be the gladiatorial games of the Roman country or public executings in mediaeval age ( Stone, 2009 ) . Boorstin ( 1964, in Stone 2009 ) states that the first organized circuit in England in 1838 was a trip by train to witness the hanging of two liquidators. Dark touristry sites and attractive forces are non merely going more and more popular ( Sharpley, 2005 ) but besides vary tremendously in their presentation of decease. They reach from jesting houses of horror, over decease sites of celebrated people to topographic points of mass slaying like the Holocaust decease cantonments. Seaton ( 1996 ) cites a figure of attractive forces, including the battleground of Waterloo and the inhumed metropolis of Pompeii ; the latter is said to be the greatest and most celebrated thanatoptic travel finish of the Romantic period ( Seaton, 1996 ) . In contrast to Stone, Seaton prefers utilizing the definition thanatourism alternatively of dark touristry. He describes thanatourism as being the travel to a location entirely, or partly, motivated by the desire for existent or symbolic brushs with decease, peculiarly, but non entirely, violent decease, which may, to a varying grade be activated by the person-specific characteristics of those whose deceases are its focal objects ( 1996:240 ) . This would intend that people, going to dark sites, are active traveling at that place in order to see the aura of such topographic points. In add-on to this, he believes that thanatourism is defined by the consumer s motivations and that single traveller motive do play a function in this sort of touristry. Another definition synced with dark touristry is the term black musca volitans , which are commercial developments of grave sites and sites in which famous persons or big Numberss of peoples have met with sudden and violent deceases ( Rojek, 1993:136 ) . Rojek shows three different illustrations of Black Spots the day of remembrance of John Fitzgerald Kennedy s slaying in Dallas, Texas, the one-year candle flame vigil in memory of Elvis Presley and the one-year pilgrims journey to the portion of the Californian main road where James Dean died in a auto clang. Both the looks dark touristry and thanatourism will be used in this research, because they have the same significance, but are otherwise interpreted. Thanatourism is based on the motivational facet, while dark touristry is attraction severally location based. In contrast, black musca volitanss are a parts of the dark touristry spectrum and instead describe topographic points of sudden and violent decease. In this instance, graveyards would non be portion of black topographic point sites. Seatons reading will be used in the undermentioned survey. As I am look intoing motivations of people sing dark tourer sites, I adopt the definition of Seaton because it is more elaborate and better apprehensible than the definitions of Rojek, Lennon and Foley. Furthermore the definition fits better as motivational position. Classification of dark touristry Dark touristry is, in its assorted signifiers, multi-faceted, multi tiered and exists in a assortment of societal, cultural, geographical and political contexts ( Stone, 2009 ) . A full classification of all death-related attractive forces is really complex and hard. Furthermore, in contrast to Foley and Lennon, Seaton ( 2006 ) states that thanatourism works on coherency between two elements: foremost, if the traveller has merely one or more motivations to see a topographic point of decease, and secondly, the extend to which the involvement in decease is person-centered or scale-of-death centered. Mentioning to Figure 1, it can be concluded that people sing sites of decease, for illustration a battleground or a prison where a relation has died or has suffered, have a weak thanatourism component in their motive. The involvement in decease is person-centered because this is the intent of visit in the first case. In contrast, people who are sing the same sights but have no relations or friends which might hold suffered at that place, show a strong thanatourism component. They are interested in decease itself and are fascinated by those sights. Dark touristry supply and demand It is obvious that people have long been attracted to topographic points of decease and catastrophe. In footings of supply, there has been a rapid growing in the proviso of such attractive forces or experiences ; so, there appears to be an increasing figure of people acute to gain from topographic points of decease as tourer attractive forces, such as a husbandman in Pennsylvania who offered a circuit of the clang site of the United Airlines Flight 93 one of the 9/11 aircraft ( Bly, 2003 ) . Marcel ( 2004 ) recognised that there is a immense scope and diverseness of dark touristry supply when she examined whether decease makes a vacation , and denoted that dark touristry is a portion of the touristry phenomenon and called it soiled small secret . In order to look into the phenomenon of consumer demand of dark tourer sites, it is necessary to analyze the subject both from the supply and demand position. As Seaton ( 1996 ) believes, dark touristry is basically a behavioural phenomenon, defined by tourer motivations as opposed to peculiar features of a site or attractive force . To build any model, both demand and supply demands to be taken into consideration. For Foley and Lennon, dark touristry is a temporally, fundamentally western phenomenon based upon non-purposeful visits due to serendipity, the path of circuit companies or the simply funny who happen to be in the locality ( 2000:23 ) . Therewith, in the two research worker s sentiment, dark touristry demand is created accidentally and is now portion of circuit companies plans, with the aim to do money by acquiring tourers to a dark country which is located near to the paths. In this instance, the research workers strongly declare that dark touristry is supply-driven. Due to the inquiry whether people coincidently come across dark tourer sites, as Foley and Lennon ( 2000 ) believe, this subject has to be considered critically. It has to be mentioned that demand and supply are dynamic and ever altering. For illustration, London Dungeon has ever exposed horrifying and gory sculptures. These exhibits were the chief ground why people came to see this topographic point. If the direction would make up ones mind to take the electric chair, the demand would diminish quickly ( Sharpley, 2009 ) . It is still ill-defined whether thanatourism is still acquiring more and more popular because of the increasing sum and diverseness of attractive forces, or because of the turning involvement of people looking for the macabre and terrorization ( West, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Sharpley ( 2009 ) , there exists a continuum of intent of supply of dark touristry sites or experiences. He believes that there are tourer attractive forces which have become dark tourer sites by accident and topographic points which are straight intended to do net income. Figure 2 shows the four shades of touristry, making from pale to black touristry. Harmonizing to Sharpley ( 2009 ) , the four sunglassess of dark touristry are devided into four classs. Tourists with a low involvement in in decease and who are sing sites which are unintended to be tourist attractive forces are pale tourers . Its oposite would summarize people with a high captivation with decease and sing dark tourer sites on intent. This sort of dark touristry is referred as the darkest touristry possible . Concerning supply and demand, tourers with captivation with decease but sing unintendet dark touristry sites are demanding gray touristry. Grey touristry supply would define sites which are deliberately established to work decease, pulling visitant with merely a minor involvement in decease. Battlefield touristry Battlefield touristry refers to the trial to sites associated with warfare. These include locations like battlegrounds, commemorations or military Gravess every bit good as museums and other constructions that commemorate wars, conflicts and associated events or atrociousnesss ( Seaton, 1999 ) . Topographic points like these have attracted tourers from all over the universe for more than thousand old ages. Alexander the Great was one of the first known battleground tourers, when he visited the Tomb of Achilles and ancient Troy during his invasion of Asia ( Wilcken, 1967 ) . Battlefield touristry increased significantly during the last century, which could be ascribed to the turning figure of military struggles since the early 1900s and more by and large, the go oning growing of touristry ( Sharpley, 2009 ) . Particularly the clip after the First World War represented a turning point in the history of battlefield touristry. Visits to battlefield sites like Waterloo, Napoleon Bonaparte s last conflict near Brussels in 1815, started to go more and more popular ( Lloyd, 1998 ) . The on-going hunt by the touristry industry for new attractive forces has created a really relevant touristry phenomenon around battlefield touristry ( Ryan, 2007 ) . The paradox of a site of conflict or war is that visitants are able to travel about freely on a one time insecure topographic point where many people have lost their lives. Sing the macabre and abhorrent ambiance which is radiated by topographic point of war, it is singular that some tourers are accepting a long journey in order to acquire impressed by a site of war, express gladfulness or even see unhappiness. Battlefield Tours For a battlefield circuit visitant, a battleground circuit has the intent of understanding what happened and why ( Sharpley, 2006 ) . Therefore it can be concluded that tourers belonging to this signifier of trial are primary interested in history and the really inside informations of the conflict. Even images, closest surveies and primary beginnings can non depict the ambiance of a topographic point where battles have taken topographic point. For illustration, it is necessary to stand at the beach of Ford Island, Hawaii, to understand how the feeling must hold been when the Nipponese dramatic force, dwelling of 400 military planes, attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on December 7 in 1941. With a small spot of imaginativeness, the visitant can see through the eyes of the soldier, although the site may hold changed over the old ages. To travel into more item and to calculate out why tourers visit battlegrounds, it is of import to separate between the types of trial. In order to categorize the study in Chapter , classs of trials have been pointed out and confronted in braces: Are the tourers sing battlegrounds as a portion of an organized circuit or are they single visitants? Do visitants hold a weak or a strong thanatoursim component in their motive? Did people come to battelfield sites voluntarily ( Leisure visitants ) or have they been invited as portion of a company outing or an advanced preparation class ( Business/Educational visitants ) ? Pilgrimage Battlefield pilgrims journeies can be defined as the traveling for recollection with the focal point on the religious and emotional experience of sing Gravess and commemorations ( Stone, 2009:194 ) . Beside veterans, immediate household members may besides see a battleground for recollection. For illustration, when decease was the ground why a twosome s matrimony ended, it can be really of import for the personal healing procedure of the widow to see the battleground where her hubby died or the grave where he is buried. In these instances once more, a weak thanatoursim component is perceptible beacause the dead are know and the involvement in decease is person-centred. But non merely immediate relations have a religious relationship to household members who died in war. Besides kids, whose gramps lost his life in a conflict, can demo their pride of holding a great warrior. Furthermore, going together in a group to a battleground can be major societal event, such as an day of remembrance. A pilgrims journey can besides promote conversations between coevalss which might non go on anyplace else. Types of Battlefield visitants Leisure visitants Harmonizing to a study commissioned by the Royal British Legion in 2006 ( based upon a sample of 1000 respondents across the United Kingdom ) leisure visitants are the bulk of modern tourers at battlegrounds ( Stone, 2009 ) . These visitants show a strong involvement in history, particularly military history. This popular involvement arose from a captivation with the soldier and the conflict, due to the fact that the proportion of the population who is functioning in the armed forces is decreasing ( Holmes, 2006 ) . Another ground for the increasing involvement in soldiers could be popular movies like Black Basterds by Quentin Tarantino, USA 2009. Depending if leisure visitants travel to battlefield sites on their ain or as portion of Tourss, they can either demo a high involvement ( or thanaourism component ) in decease and catastrophe or merely see them as side trips of the whole circuit being unconcerned with dark touristry. Educational Visits and Visits by the Military Visits to battlegrounds, if gettable, are undertaken by schools and other educational constitutions. An chance is given to immature people and pupils to understand the background and context of subjects learned at school or university. Educational visits to battlegrounds differ from general leisure visits in points of larning aims and the opportunity to supply support for certain parts of the national course of study ( Sharpley, 2006 ) . Furthermore, instructors with personal involvements in military history are able to portion their enthusiasm and can arouse some ideas about morality in their pupil s heads, which is besides an of import portion of instruction. Members of the Armed Forces, who view the battleground as portion of the hereafter, besides belong to the class of educational visitants. The British Armed Forces use battlegrounds for tactical preparation and survey ( Ryan, 2007 ) , leading lessons and be aftering how modern military personnels would run on the same land. Non-military administrations in the United Kingdom, like Corporate Battlefields and Business Battlefields are besides utilizing battlegrounds for leading or direction development plans. Peoples take parting in such events are thought to larn from the lessons in history and construct effectual taking squads to increase concern public presentation. Often, members of such jaunt are forced to take part and can non afford to worsen in order to maintain their occupations. Therefore it can be concluded that, educational visits, are non voluntarily by the bulk. Veterans Even if this is merely a little portion of battlefield tour visitants, some veterans still have the desire to see one time more the topographic point where they have fought, to re-experience the topographic point, possibly for the last clip in their lives. Some of them make themselves available for Tourss to narrate their narratives to other visitants, who get the opportunity to acquire a better and really reliable presentation of the site. Others merely desire to understand what happened or the significance of their ain function when they fought a war ( Stone, 2009 ) . It can be assumed that, for these sort of visitants and harmonizing to Seatons ( 1996 ) Thanatoursim continuum, there is no specific involvement in decease and desaster observable. Tourist Motivation Tourist motive can be defined as the planetary integration web of biological and cultural forces which gives value and way to go picks, behaviour and experience ( Pearce, Morrison A ; Rutledge, 1998 ) Motivation has ever been an of import factor of leisure and touristry survey and a basic subject in touristry research ( Crompton, 1979 ; Veal, 1997 ) . Harmonizing to Wahab ( 1975 ) , it is cardinal that, for touristry surveies and development, the country of travel motive is taken into consideration. This means that touristry providers can profit from understanding what travellers want in order to foretell future travel forms and accommodate the offer. Furthermore, certain tourer types can be selected as mark sections for travel and tourer selling ( Smith, 1996 ) Harmonizing to Pearce ( 2007:50 ) , motive could besides be the drive force behind all actions . Peoples do things because they have a figure of motivations which can differ tremendously from each other. Some visitants t ravel to Paris for seeing the Eiffel Tower because of its tallness and the beautiful position over the metropolis, others go to the same metropolis for shopping and the good nutrient. The finish is the same, but different motivations brought persons at that place and different or even same activities could be based on different motivations. Seaton ( 1997 ) believes that motive is generated by an internal feeling, besides called an person s demand , which drives people to accomplish certain ends. When all ends have been reached, the demand reduces and the single returns to the initial point until new motivations, which are coming up shortly after the satisfaction of the last 1s, have to be met. Tourists can be easy classified in footings of demographics, types of travel, economic well being and many other factors, but it is hard to place why tourers do what they do ( Woodside and Martin, 2008 ) . In contrast to the intent of travel which can be, for illustration, classified in concern or leisure , the private demands and wants are really hard to mensurate, as they vary between persons. There is a broad scope of human wants and demands and besides troubles in mensurating them which poses jobs in doing theories about travel motive. To understand how people form their determinations, the determination doing procedure will be briefly touched and besides a better account of human demands, mentioning to Maslow s Hierarchy of demands, has to be provided. Decision Making Procedure Decision devising can be summarised as the procedure of extinguishing or cut downing uncertainty about any options to do an expedient pick from among them ( Solomon, 2006 ) . About all determinations involve a certain sum of hazards because there can neer, or seldom, be complete cognition about all options. Furthermore at that place has to be a grade of uncertainity ; otherwise, if non, people would ever take the right manner and would neer make any errors in their lives. In order to find an ideal determination, a perfect determination environment has to be the footing including all the information of all options. Restrictions like clip and attempt interfere in doing ideal determination. For illustration, cipher would pass 2 hours driving about in the metropolis waiting for the closest parking batch to the supermarket to acquire vacant. The decision-making procedure is influenced by internal and external variables. Attitudes, beliefs, purposes and motive belong to the psychological portion. Variables like clip, monetary value and pull factors are finishing the external or nonpsychological portion. These factors are predetermined, for illustration the good conditions in the Caribbean or the clip for traveling at that place because of limited vacations. The determination doing procedure involves five phases: Maslow s Hierarchy of demands Maslow is said to be one of the laminitiss of humanistic psychological science, a school of psychological science concerned with the human context for the development of psychological theory ( Hoffman, 1999 ) . In Motivation and Personality, foremost published in 1954, Maslow describes his hierarchy of demands and its relation to motive in general. In his sentiment, all human demands can be organised in a pyramid, dwelling of five phases: physiological demands on the underside and self-actualisation on the top. In between, safety demands, belongingness or credence and esteem demands have to be satisfied before making the highest degree. An single usually tries to fulfill the physiological demands fist, before higher-leveled demands are emerging. Harmonizing to Maslow, all human existences follow this order, with little fluctuations. Sometimes higher degrees of demands can rule, although some basic demands have non been satisfied to the full ( Maslow, 1970 ) . Figure shows Maslow s 5 phases of demands in a pyramid. Adapted from Chaman, 2001-4 Based on this information, the theory has to be applied on tourer motive. Pearce ( 1993 ) , for illustration, has analysed 400 travel experiences of travellers in Europe, Canada, Australia and the USA. One positive and one negative experience had to be written down by the 200 respondents. In conformity to the pyramid of demands, the information was analysed and coded into five classs. For positive experiences, the undermentioned consequence for each demand satisfied could me indicated: To summarize these findings, Pearce ( 1993 ) states that travel motives show features of an approach-avoidance paradigm ( Woodside, 2008 ) . This means that, for travellers, positive experiences contribute to the higher-leveled phases, while negative experiences instead contribute to the medium leveled phases. Further, Pearce ( 1993 ) believes that vacation finishs attract people because tourers see a opportunity in carry throughing personal growing and love demands. Push and Pull Factors Harmonizing to Dann ( 1981 ) , tourers are motivated by a push or draw to a finish in order to fulfill demands. He defines push and pull factors in touristry as forces which drive people to travel off from a topographic point ( push ) and factors which draw them to new locations ( pull ) . For illustration, person leaves his/her metropolis of birth because of an increasing offense rate and low quality of life ( push ) and moves to another metropolis with a good substructure and where his/her household lives ( pull ) . Crompton ( 1979 ) states that the travel industry focuses more on pull factors and that there is a deficiency for push factors. Pull factors can be, in contrast to force factors, much better influenced because they are seldom internal. Therefore, travel bureaus and circuit operators pull tourers to certain sites with the aid of making demands. If person wants to get away from mundane life and finds a image of the Caribbean, the touristry provider pulls possible visitant s off from their current locations. Crompton ( 1979 ) besides mentioned socio-psychological motivations which can be the drive forces to do vacations but the effectual pick of finish was the drawing power of the finish itself. He believes that socio-psychological motivations can direct tourers towards a peculiar finish but, in the bottom line is that pull factors are predominating in the determination devising procedure. In contrast, Uzzell ( 1984 ) believes that tourers are instead motivated to see finishs which match their psychological demands than traveling to topographic points because of the particular qualities which are offered at that place. He does non believe that both push and pull factors are motivation fatctors. In his sentiment, pull factors are instead accounts for common touristic activities so relevant incentives. He adds that pull factors should even be eliminated from the survey of toursim motive. Crompton ( 1979 ) states that, in world, persons experience at the same time mixtures of both push and pull factors and those factors do non needfully stand entirely. As mentioned before, there can be several push factors actuating an person but besides more than one pull factor offered by a site. For illustration, person might be pushed to see Pearl Harbour because his/her gramps has died there during World War II. Apart from that, a travel bureau is offering a two-week holidays bundle in Hawaii particularly prepared for singles, drawing people to the island. Consequently, idividuals might see both push and pull facors. Push and Pull factors should non be treated as moving independently from each other, even though they might match to single phases in travel determination devising ( Crompton, 1979 ) . Persons travel because they are pulled by finishs and attractive forces and at the same clip pushed by their ain internal forces. Expectancy theory In contrast to the theory of Maslow s Hierarchy of demands, the anticipation theory, which was invented by Victor Vroom in 1964, focuses instead on results than on demands. In order to be motivated, Vroom linked attempt, public presentation and results to motive. There are three variables which are mentioned: Anticipation, Valence and Instrumentality. Increased public presentation is the consequence of increased attempt, which is the basic belief of anticipation ( Green, 1992 ) . An illustration of anticipation would be the belief that something will acquire better if person works harder for it. The 2nd variable, instrumentality, is the belief that person performs good, a valued result will be received ( Green, 1992 ) . In illustration, if person does a good occupation, it will be valued and he/she possibly gets a wage rise. Valence is defined as the importance that the single topographic points upon the expected result ( Green, 1992 ) . This would intend that if an employee is chief ly motivated by money, he/she would non value other offers like a new office or extra clip off. Having understood these variables, the basic thought behind the theory is that persons adapt their degree of attempt depending on the possible result. In Vroom s sentiment, if person believes that if he/she is working harder but the wagess and public presentations will non be increased and moreover offered wagess are non valued, the person will non be motivated. It is of import to advert that all three variables have to be fulfilled in order to accomplish motive. The theory can be applied to any state of affairs where person expects a certain result to go on. In relation to dark touristry and the trial of battlegrounds, tourers expect certain, in most instances intangible, outcomes. Sing the illustration of pilgrims journey and religious experience, people believe that the trial of Gravess or topographic points where relations or friends have died can ensue in better understanding the past events and an increased personal healing procedure. Motivational Strength It depends on motivational strength whether person prefers making one end opposed to another. Despite the diverseness of surveies and theories, most of them are sharing a basic thought: persons have a certain sum of energy which must be directed towards ends ( Pearce, 1993 ) . From a psychological position, making a end can be equalised with being motivated. If a demand arouses, which is turning by and by, the person wants to fulfill it every bit shortly as possible. For illustration, if person is hungry, he/she wants to halt this unpleasant feeling by eating nutrient. Equally shortly as the demand is satisfied, the balanced province returns which is called homeostasis ( Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard and Hogg, 2006 ) . Human behavior is driven by a basic mechanism to cut down unpleasant tensenesss, which is termed thrust theory. In footings of selling, the unpleasant province reffers to the demand of goods and services which are desired. Though, to be more precise, the grade of motive is non ever the same. For illustration, the motive to purchase a new one is really high because the old 1 has been used for many old ages. If the individual who desires a new Television would hold bought one a few months ago, the motive to travel once more to the shop and pass money would be much lower. The research on motive in order to understand what really drives behaviour focal points more on cognitive factors instead than on biological 1s. For this research, the thrust theory is non important and will non be applied. Though, another theory about motive is taken into consideration. The Expectancy theory suggests that people prefer one merchandise or service over another because they believe that this pick has more positive effects for them ( Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard and Hogg, 2006:93 ) . For this survey it is of import to happen out which positive effects could be of import to visitants to battlegrounds and to dark touristry sites in general. Incentives Motivation: History Harmonizing to Smith ( 1996 ) , sites of war attract fundamentally people with a strong involvement in history and military strategians. These persons are acute to analyze the events of the past while walking around the country. This would intend that a battlefield visitant does non needfully hold to be attracted by the presence of decease ; involvement in history can besides be the ground why people visit battlegrounds. The same consequences were found by Crompton ( 1979 ) and Anderton ( 1995 ) , who stated that cultural and historical involvement can be a strong incentive for pleasance travel. Further, Crompton ( 1979 ) drew the decision, from questioning 42 grownup people, that instruction and freshness are of import travel incentives. In contrast to this, Beech ( 2000 ) , who, amongst other subjects, investigated the visitors? motive to concentration cantonments, does non wholeheartedly believe that visitants with no connexion to the cantonment are motivated by lone involvement in larning or history. The same theory can be applied to battlefield touristry. There is, from a historical position, a demand in battlefield touristry, National Geographic released in 1992 a usher for conflict sites including their histories called the Guide to Civil War National Battlefield Parks in the USA, including exposure and maps demoing troop motions. Today there are immense sums of books covering with battleground Tourss and similar subjects on about all sites of war in the universe. Foley and Lennon ( 2000 ) see that the literature frequently obliterates and ignores the negative facets of history, sometimes mistakenly and, more frequently, on intent. The two research workers want to declare that it is evidently non plenty to show the historical and cultural landscape to the visitants, without turn toing the issue of morality and offense which are linked with the topographic points. Ignoring and stamp downing the position on history every bit good as altering nature of history are the consequence of the altering society, which can be linked to altering readings. To summarize the subject of historical motives, it can be said that involvement in history can be a incentive which drives worlds to see sites of decease and catastrophe. Not without ground there are plenty beginnings where tourers can fulfill at that place wonder about battlegrounds. Due to the fact that there is really small research on tourer motive to battlefield tourer sites, it can be concluded, based on the sentiments of other research workers ( Crompton, 1979 ; Anderton, 1995 ; Beech, 2000 ) , that the motivation to larn more about human history is verifiably a driver, but non the individual and lone ground why people are sing battlegrounds. Education In order to understand why wars and conflicts have occurred and what the effects were, dark touristry sites can be helpful in organizing sentiments. Some persons need to cognize why their friends or relations needed to decease. Educational travel was foremost introduced during the beginning of the industrialization in the seventeenth century, when sweetening of instruction and substructure, amongst others, increased ( Burkart and Medlik 1981 ) . In 1892, the first dark touristry exhibitions with an educational constituent were promoted in New York, USA. Volcanic eruptions of Mount Vesuvius, fictions of hurricanes and the destruction of Martinique were on the day-to-day docket of the events on Coney Island ( Rojek 1993 ) . In the present, dark tourers sites are acute on advancing themselves with the aid of implementing educational facets. Tourists besides see a opportunity in self-learning through educational travels. There are assorted institutes offering educational Tourss to American civil war sites every bit good as information Sessionss, for illustration the Smithsonian Associates, the Department of Education in Washington D.C, which offered a circuit following the flight path of President Abraham Lincoln s liquidator. One of the nucleus purposes of such events is to do people learn from past errors, what and how events in the yesteryear could hold been prevented. At Pearl Harbor, USA, people believe that instruction could assist in supplying a more unafraid tomorrow. Peoples who visited the topographic point are thought to hold understood why the onslaught happened and should hold realised that such a calamity must neer go on once more ( Ryan, 2007 ) . The trouble with the subject instruction in relation to dark tourer sites is the thin line between instruction and amusement. Walsh ( 1992 ) believes that the educational mission lies really close to amusement. As mentioned in Chapter , the London Dungeon offers horrifying Tours, where people can see how anguish has been used in the yesteryear in a really realistic mode. This may non be a really critical or serious attack to history, but it shows the world and decidedly remains in visitors? heads. Of class this is besides an attack to derive the attending of possible visitants, to do history, which might frequently look tiring particularly to childs and younger people more interesting and synergistic. Harmonizing to Lennon and Foley ( 2000 ) , the function of media is besides lending to the belittlement of serious events. Persons with less cognition of modern-day history could misconstrue imitations or films of people playing a function in really serious calamities and catastrophe. Remembrance Foley and Lennon ( 1993 ) define recollection as a critical human activity that connects people to their yesteryear and hereafter. Harmonizing to that they continue to declare that the mode how worlds remember define us in the present. The two research workers besides province that a big portion of dark tourer attractive forces are warehouses for memories . Sites related to decease attract people who want to mark either the event or their relations and friends who have died. In the Christian faith, there is one twenty-four hours a twelvemonth which is dedicated to all saints, called the All Saints? Day. In common pattern, many Christians visit the graveyards and the Gravess where loved people are buried. But non merely memories of asleep people stay in heads. Remembrance is besides needed to recognize what cardinal incidents formed the individualities of persons, sometimes even the individualities of whole civilizations. This is why some dark tourer sites are really rigorous in sho wing their memorials sing the repect of visitants. At Pearl Harbor, a short movie is shown to tourers before they are allowed to come in the memorial country. Furthermore, visitants have to be dressed in an appropriate manner. This attention shows an obvious difference between normal tourer attractive forces and dark touristry commemorations. For case, cipher attentions if person wears trunkss and a chapeau when sing the Great Wall of China, which is besides a war-related symbol. This difference in presentation might be due to the fact that some symbols of war or war sites are, because of the clip which has already passed since so, are out of day of the month . The Great Wall of China is more than 2000 old ages old, while the onslaught on Pearl Harbour happened 61 old ages ago. Furthermore, most of import, victims of the conflict of Pearl Harbor are still alive. Identity Identity can besides be a impulsive force to see dark tourer sites. Peoples, even if they do non hold a direct connexion to the dark touristry event itself, come to a topographic point of decease to derive a sense of individuality. As mentioned in Chapter , tourers are sing sites where famous persons have met with sudden decease, placing themselves as portion of the dead character ( Rojek, 1993 ) . Ashworth ( 2004 ) believes that the hunt for self-understanding and self-identity was the birth of the touristry industry. He argues that people who are sing sites of decease and catastrophe do non needfully hold thanatouristic motives. In the research worker s sentiment, personal motivations arise from personal or household history and the desire to pay regard to those whom the visitant feels a connexion. Ashworth ( 2004 ) references that people from Australia and New Zealand are saying that it would be a motive for them to see Gallipoli in order to detect who they are and what happened to their in sires in history. In this instance, mentioning to Seaton ( 1996 ) , the thanatouristic component is weak, because there is no grounds that visitants are looking for the macabre and terrorization. Curiosity Harmonizing to Ashworth ( 2004 ) , tourers can besides be attracted to sites of decease and atrociousness because of wonder. Some research workers besides indicate that people visit dark tourer sites in order to see ghastly exhibits ( Cooper, 2006 ; Yuill, 2003 ) . Yuill ( 2003 ) states that those visitants who come the the site because of couriosity seldom have/had any friends or household members who fought in wars or served in the battleground presented. In Uzzells ( 1989 ) sentiment, people show an insatiate demand in atrociousness. Persons sometimes have a unusual wont to be motivated and attracted by psychological stimulations of negative moral worth. This would intend that they have a strong involvement in calamities and catastrophes and would be classified in Seatons ( 1996 ) strong thanatouristic component graduated table. Rojek believes that wonder about dark touristry events and sites is widely spread. Location Several writers ( Hanink A ; Stutts, 2002 ; Yuill, 2003 ) reference that the location of a dark tourer site or a battleground is important for its figure of visitants. Battlefields which are in propinquity of other sights or shut to topographic points with a big population might pull a big figure of visitants. Strong involvement in decease and catastrophe might non chiefly be the motivations to see dark tourer sites which are close to someones hometown. A trip on the weekend with the household in order to go on 1s instruction can besides be grounds to lend to, in this instance, weak thanatourism. Methodology Introduction In Chapter , the research worker outlined a theoretical background for this survey. In order to finish the emipiracl research successfully, it is indispensable to supply an appropriate methodological analysis. It is necessary to choose an overall paradigm for every research. There are two paradigms which are frequently discussed in the literature: qualitative and quantitative ( Creswell, 2003 ) . The research worker defines qualitative research as research technique which uses multiple methods which are synergistic and humanistic. The research inquiries might alter and be refined during the interview with the participant. Furthermore, the reseracher makes an reading of the collected information ; he filters the informations through a personal lens ( Creswell, 2003:182 ) . Alternatively, the quantitative paradigm is based on proving a theoretical theorem. Quantifiable variables, usining statistical processs are analysed. This research method is used to find the generalisability of a theory. The research worker chiefly uses postpositivist claims for developing cognition ( Creswell, 2003:18 ) . In other words, findings are identified as positive if a research testifies consequences of footings which have been defined in progress. The research worker is able to cut down to specific variables and inquiries. The purpose of a quantitative research is to roll up informations on preset instruments that yield statistical informations. It depends on the research worker s nature and aims which paradigm will be selected. As touched in chapter , the research on market cleavage and consumer determination devising is largely based on quantitative and statistical analysis. As this research tries to find the importance of the function of battleground sites in tourers decion to see those sites, a wide scope of information and a batch of repsonses are needed. Therefore, the quantitative research method will be used. This chapter describes the choice of the survey site every bit good as the considerations for an effectual method of roll uping dependable informations, including a presentation of the the restrictions of the methodological analysis. The study design, which provides a numeral description of attitudes and sentiments of visitants of the HGM, will be presented. Choice of the survey site One of the first major determinations to be made is the pick of the survey site. This research is look intoing in motives of tourers sing battlefiled tourer sites. Therefore, it would be most appropriate to take a battleground as survey site. Due to the fact that all large conflicts in the present country of Austria have taken topographic point in and before the nineteenth century, there are no battlegrounds which are interesting for the public anymore. Though, there are museums covering with the subject of war and war history. The Heeresgeschichtliche Museum ( HGM ) in Vienna shows exhibits of the Austrian military history from the sixteenth century to 1945. It is located in the Arsenal, a historical composite of edifices from the monarchy, which was physique between 1850 and 1856 under the behest of Emperor Frant Joseph I by Ludwig Foerster and Theophil Hansen. The HGM claims to be the oldest and largest purpose-made military history museum in the universe. It exhibits chiefly arms, rigs, uniforms and exposure of the clip from the monarchy of the Habsburg household to the terminal of World War II. There are 11 lasting exhibitions offered to visitants: The Thirty Years War, Wars against the Turks, Prince Eugene of Savoy, Maria Theresa ( The eighteenth century ) , Room of the Gallic Wars, Radetzky Room, Room of Francis Joseph, Sarajewo Room, World War I, Republic and Dictatorship, Austria 1918 until 1945 and Naval Power Austria. One of the most noteworthy parts of the Museum?s aggregation is the couch wher e the Federal Chancellor Engelbert Dollfu A ; szlig ; died in 1934 after beeing shooting by a National Socialist and the car in which the Archduke Francis Ferdinand was asassinated in Sarajewo in 1914. The handiness and suitableness as dark tourer site, every bit good as the assortment of exhibitions offered were important in taking the HGM as survey site. In order to capture the largest possible figure of respondents, the research worker decided non to separate between the exhibitions. Due to the fact that all of the showroom?s subjects are related to battlefield instead dark touristry, the same questionnaire will be used for all of them. In add-on to profit of holding more visitants to spread out the sample size, taking the HGM as a survey site has the follwing advantages: due to many resting topographic points in the museum, tourers can take part in the study without beeing disturbed while detecting the exhibitions. Furthermore, the research worker expects that the site attracts tourers with legion motives, such as those with an involvement in war, involvement in larning about the Austria history and holding an penetration in life during the monarchy and the wars. The questionnaire It was decided that a questionnaire study will be used, which is one of the most common methods to garner information from respondents. Creswell ( 2003 ) defines a study as a bundle of standadised information from a specific subject normally by agencies of questionnaire or interview. He lists several advantages of a questionnaire, amongst others, the ability to roll up informations merely and the easiness of administrating, coding and analyzing a study. In ground of that, a self-administered questionnaire with the purpose of acquiring information about tourers motives to battlefield tourer sites was developed. Socio-demographic and travel-related inquiries are besides portion of the study. The concluding questionnaire consists of 20 ( 16 inquiries severally for Vienese occupants ) closed-ended inquiries which were asked in relation to possible motives to the HGM and battlefield touristry to set up if their motives reflect the literature. 3 demographic inquiries were asked in order to set up a profile of visitants to the site. 9 inquiries were designed on a dichotomous response graduated table, which means that the respondent has two options to take. The others have 5-point-Likert graduated table response options ; the respondent is presented with a uninterrupted graduated table runing from 1 ( minimal mark ) to 5 ( maximal mark ) . These inquiries are used to mensurate tourer s degree of cognition about the HGM, the importance of t he HGM in visitants determination to come to Vienna, the grounds for sing the HGM and the involvement in battlefield touristry in general. The concluding questionnaire is laid out in four pages and arranged in four subdivisions. Question 1a to 5a seeks to understand the tourists? travel forms to Vienna and is designed for non-residents of Vienna. Section B ( inquiries 1b to 7b ) purposes to profile the visitors? trip to the HGM including travel forms, motives and determination devising. The 3rd portion, inquiry 1c to 5c, seeks to place the involvement in battlegrounds in general. Finally, subdivision D, contains 3 inquiries bespeaking the respondent profile. Research design In order to reply the research inquiries, the push/pull theoretical account will be tested. The research worker will analyze the findings and use them to the push/pull theory. It will be identified which push and pull factors are relevant in visitors? motive to sites related to wars and conflicts. Furthermore, the research worker assumes that there are certain factors impacting visitant s motive. Premises about factors act uponing visitors? motive were developed and proved subsequently in chapter . : people are instead motivated to see the HGM if ( 1 ) they have no cognition about the museum, ( 2 ) the distance to the museum is near, ( 3 ) the person reached a certain age which enables him/her to understand fortunes of the past and reflect them on his/her young person and eventually ( 4 ) the person has a relation to Austria and its history. These premises were the footing for following hypotheses: H1: Most respondents have neer been to the HGM before. H2: The better portion of the respondents lives in Vienna or in its environing country. H4: The better portion of the respondents will be older than 50. H3: Most respondents have a relation the HGM ( close relatives/friends who experienced war )

Soccer Day †A Personal Narrative

Soccer Day – A Personal Narrative Free Online Research Papers I was so optimistic. I thought today would be different from the other days and games of the past. I planned to have a nice relaxing day. I would savor this precious time with my sons without interruptions or intrusions into our personal lives. It often seemed that instead of watching my boys play soccer, I spent most of the game answering questions from complete strangers about how old are they, who and where is their mother, when were they born, and so on.. I honestly didn’t mind it at first, but soon the never-ending barrage of personal questions grated on my nerves, intrusive questions from people I had never met, people who never would have spoken to me otherwise. To help facilitate this particular soccer day and insure that it would go as planned, I tried to prepare for every conceivable situation that could arise to rain on our day. I made sure my sons looked totally different from one another, at least from a distance.-from their shoes up to their different haircut styles. I even asked the coach not to put them all in the game at the same time so as not to bring attention to them. Yes, I said to myself, it’s game time, and so far so good! Suddenly, the roar of soccer moms brought me to my feet. My son Deandre had possession of the ball and appeared to be on his way to score his first goal of the year. I rose to my feet, my hands clenched in anticipation of this momentous accomplishment. He swerved the ball to the right, then he swerved the ball to the left; he lined up the shot and kicked with all his five year old might. It was the greatest kick that I had ever seen, but it went wide right, and the crowd moaned. My son turned around and searched the bleachers for me. When his eyes met mine, he said with a huge smile, â€Å"Daddy, did you see that? I almost got a goal!† He ran back towards his own goal as if he’d scored the winning goal for Team USA in the World Cup. I couldn’t stop smiling at him! As I thought to myself, what a great day, gingerly a lady strolled over to me and said, â€Å"Excuse me, are those your triplets? I wouldn’t wish that kind of headache on anybody.† I never turned my attention to her, or responded to her comment, but an instant flash back into my past brought goose bumps on my arms. My mind was flooded with memories of events long gone by. I was suddenly in the operating room watching in complete amazement as my wife gave birth to three miraculous babies! Then, I flashed forward from that moment to the blur of countless sleepless nights and endless diaper changes. We had somehow survived all that. How many nights did I spend at the hospital because of fevers or ear infections? How many times did I load up the SUV and go for a drive to put the boys to sleep? I remembered it all, like it just happened yesterday. It seems like back then, the bad things stuck out more than the good, but those were the times that helped make me a better parent. Then, I pointed to my son as he giggled and waved at me as he ran by. As I smiled and waved back to my son, I said, â€Å"That’s just one point of view. I wouldn’t trade that headache for all the money in the world.† Research Papers on Soccer Day - A Personal NarrativeThe Hockey GameThe Spring and AutumnPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceQuebec and CanadaLifes What IfsAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaCapital PunishmentHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Fifth Horseman

This is not actually Macro & Micro The class is called Economics of Essay

This is not actually Macro & Micro The class is called Economics of Developing Countries - Essay Example To achieve the desire to maintain standard of living, the country should focus on a) level of goods and services b) individuals purchase. The growth in population along with increase in economic growth, increase in GDP is not necessarily an indicator of improving standard of living based on per capita. The other factor, which may be taken into consideration, is the population growth, which has no match with the economic growth. The growth of population should match with the economic growth otherwise, it definitely defeats the very purpose of improvement of standard of living of the masses. A controversy prevails on the green revolution for sustainable improvement in the standard of living on the face of accelerated population growth. The Revolutionary period of industrialization in England, plays a vital role in increasing the per capita income by virtue of replacement of work force with the machines. If we look at the increased population of England during the era of 1700 to 1860 AD , we may find a lot about the major factors in increasing the production. The major factor of multiple production attributed to more production per worker combined with many more workers. 2. In developing countries, there may be both market failure and the government failure. True. The market failure depends on the failure of government in respect of manning the affairs of market. Unnecessary intervention by the concerned department of the government, will complex the issues. However, the government should take note of inefficient management in respect of allocation of goods and resources. Let the market forces manage the goods and resource in an efficient manner. Hence, the incumbent(s) of government should keep him/themselves away from intervening unnecessarily to ensure smooth function. 3. Transactions and information costs can prevent effective markets in developing countries especially in agriculture. True. The transaction cost provides a base in the design and impact of ICT, w hich has a far-reaching effect in the field of agriculture. The information system relied upon transaction costs approach. ICT can be used to cater the requirement of sustainable information thus empowers the information management. In taking the economic exchanges, ICT is an efficient tool for the transactional efficiency. There cannot be two opinions about the impact of ICT in managing the economic exchanges on a positive note. 4. Famine is more a problem of distribution than supply. False. At the time of famine, Government of Bengal’s strategy in line with Sen.’s philosophy was laudable. Well known Indian economist Sen., a noble laureate in Economic Science was keen in resolving the problems of down trodden. He was famous for his work on the causes of famine that provides practical solutions to prevent and limit the worst impact of shortages of food. Inability is to purchase food by the poor caused starvation. The starvation has nothing to do merely with distributio n and supply system only. Price control committee can control price to make it accessible to the general consumers and to prevent other market players to skim off more than their fare share. Further, public welfare scheme and supply of food through public distribution channel can play an effective role to lessen the gravity of famine. In addition, some degree of rationing under the mentioned scenario was desirable. Speculation and hoarding were two main factors of the famine. To provide population, the

Human sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Human sexuality - Essay Example To be in love is a feeling that comes and passes away after a while. To be in love with someone is often related to romance and relationships. Loving someone, on the other hand, is what one can say sustains a relationship after the infatuation fades away. At this point, one is fully aware of the other person’s flaws and the differences between them and still chooses to stay with them. To love someone is unconditional, like how a mother loves her child that makes her always defend the child no matter what or the general feeling we have for our family. You take the person you love for who they are and will always be there for them no matter what. The feeling of love is something that gradually grows as one gets to know the other person and accept them for whom they truly are. To love someone means that the feeling will never go away. Therefore, this implies  that it is possible to be in love with someone and not love him or her. Alternatively, that you can love someone without necessarily saying you are in love with him or her. Like you can love your dog, but you cannot say that you are in love with your dog. I agree with this statement. In unconditionally self-loving one’s self, one can feel like they truly deserve of the love they get in return from their partners, families or friends. If one were to sit and write down a list of things they want in their partner, you get to realize that it is all the characters you want in yourself. People try to be what they are not in order for other people to think that they are first before you can expect someone to fall in love with you (Collins, 2006). Self-love is all about falling in love with one’s self first, before turning to someone else to share that love with instead of only looking for someone to fill the hole we have in our lives out of feeling unworthy and undeserving of love. Awareness and self-acceptance

International Expansion into an emerging market Essay

International Expansion into an emerging market - Essay Example Formulation of strategy is sometimes defined as establishing, a proper firm environment fit. The business environment (external) has broadly two components viz, business opportunities and threats to business. The external forces (Macro) are generally; more uncontrollable than the micro forces (internal) when the macro environment is uncontrollable, the success of a company/ organization depends on its adaptability to the environment. A report (quoted in Hill, 2003, pg 491) by Ravenscraft and Scherer concluded that over 75% of acquisitions fail. Two of the main reasons are a (Hill, 2003, pg 492) "clash between the cultures of the acquiring and acquired firm"and secondly, a failure to (Hill, 2003, pg 492) "realize synergies by integrating the operations" of the two companies. Important macro environment factors include economic environment, political and regulatory environment, social/cultural environment, demographic environment, technological environment natural environment and globa l environment. The common beliefs and value systems shape the major activities of that society and structure people's perceptions of the world (Sanyal, 2001). So planning any activity other than native country, companies need to analyze these factors also. Identification of the threats and opportunities in the environment and the strengths and weaknesses of the firm is the cornerstone of business policy formulation; it is these factors which determine the course/courses of action to ensure the survival and /or growth of an organization. The environment might present many opportunities, but a company might not have the strengths to exploit all the opportunities. Similarly; sometimes an organization will not have the strength to meet the environmental threats. If an organization, thus finds that it will not have the competence to survive in a particular business for which an organization is most competent. Global restructuring of manufacturing industries is the crux of globalization. FDI inflows into developing countries in recent years have been seen into manufacturing. One major channel through which inflows of foreign capital, of foreign direct investment (FDI) in particular, affects labour markets in developing countries (Fischer, 2003). Indian economic reforms: The economic liberalization is ushered in India in 1991 drastically changed the business environment. The liberalization, by substantially expanding the scope of private enterprise and removing the entry and growth restrictions, has given a substantial leeway to private enterprise to decide the portfolio strategy. Changes in the business environment across the world may change the industrial scenario of nations. The environmental opportunities and threats should be evaluated in the light of the strength and weaknesses of

Risk Behaviours of Cardiovascular Diseases Study

Risk Behaviours of Cardiovascular Diseases Study Title of the Study To identify the prevalence of ineffective physical activity and unhealthy dietary pattern among MSc Nursing students; could lead to cardiovascular diseases. Significance of the Research Problem Global Burden of Cardio Vascular Diseases: There are many risk factors associated with coronary heart disease. Some risk factors such as age, ethnicity and family history, cannot be changed. Additional risk factors that can be treated or changed which include tobacco exposure, hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, unhealthy diets, and harmful use of alcohol. In terms of attribute global deaths, the leading CVD risk factor is raised blood pressure 13%, tobacco use 9%, raised blood glucose 6%, physical inactivity 6 % and overweight and obesity 5% (World Health Organization, 2012). Low- and middle-income countries are disproportionally affected: over 80% of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries and occur almost equally in men and women (Mendis, Puska Norving, 2011). The number of people, who die from CVDs, mainly from heart disease and stroke, will increase to reach 23.3 million by 2030 (Mendis, Puska Norving, 2011). Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, diabetes and raised lipids. Cardiovascular diseases and Ineffective physical activity: Insufficient physical activity is the fourth leading risk factor for mortality. People who are insufficiently physically active have a 20 to 30 percent increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to those who engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity most days of the week. In 2008, 31.3% of adults aged 15 or older (28.2% men and 34.4%) were insufficiently physically active. Cardiovascular diseases and unhealthy dietary patterns: Approximately 16 million and 1.7 million of deaths worldwide are attributing to low fruit and vegetable consumption (Mendis, Puska Norving, 2011). Frequent consumption of high-energy foods, such as processed foods that are high in fat and sugar, promotes obesity compared to low-energy foods. Adequate consumption of fruit and vegetables reduces the risk of Cardio Vascular Disease. A healthy diet can contribute to a healthy body weight, a desirable lipid profile and a desirable blood pressure (Mendis, Puska Norving, 2011). Risk Behaviors The vulnerable populations of MSc Nursing students are at high risk of developing such risky behaviors that might endanger their own lives. Although, the above behaviors are modifiable but due to shortage of time and increase load of studies, students are seems careless of their diets and physical activity. Purpose The purpose of this study is to look for the two main risk behaviors of cardio vascular diseases among MSc Nursing students. These are: Ineffective physical exercise. Unhealthy diet. Research Questions What is the prevalence of ineffective physical activity among MSc Nursing students? What is the Prevalence of unhealthy dietary pattern among MSc Nursing students? Target Population The target population for this study would be the existing students of, Masters of Science in Nursing of the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. Study Design This would be a descriptive cross sectional study design. Key Study Variables The key variables of the study would be ineffective physical activity and unhealthy diet. Operational Definitions of the Study Variables Ineffective Physical Activity Ineffective physical activity can be defined as ‘less than five times 30 minutes of moderate*activity per week, or less than three times 20 minutes of vigorous activity** per week, or equivalent(Mendis, Puska Norving, 2011). *Moderate activity level Your heart beats faster than normal; you can talk but not sing. Examples include fast walking, aerobics class, doing weights, or swimming gently. **Vigorous activity level Your heart beat increases a lot; you can’t talk or your talk is broken up by large breaths. Examples include jogging, running, basketball, or hiking up a steep hill (World Heart Federation Organization, 2014). Unhealthy Diet: High dietary intakes of saturated fat*, trans-fats** and salt, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish (white meat) are linked to cardiovascular risk (Mendis, Puska Norving, 2011). *Saturated fats found primarily in animal sources including red meat and whole milk dairy products. **Trans fats found in vegetable shortenings, some margarines, crackers, candies, cookies, snack foods, fried foods, baked goods, and other processed foods made with partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (World Heart Federation Organization, 2014). Hypothesis There is a prevalence of unhealthy diet among MScN students. There is a prevalence of ineffective physical activity among MScN students. Description of the Questionnaire A questionnaire is formulated to test the hypothesis under the light of the research question. The questionnaire comprises of the following three parts. Demographic information: The first part addresses the basic demographic information. The aim of acquiring the demographic information from the participants is to gather a baseline data about the key characteristics of the sample. Moreover demographic variables will be needed to assess the similarities and differences between the participants and characterize them accordingly. A total of 6 items are included in this section. The demographic characteristics included in the questionnaire comprises of name which is kept optional. The other components of this part include age, gender, ethnicity, family history related to (angina, stroke, diabetes, and kidney disorder), use of any medications, language, and family relationships. We make this form with the help of available literature and exclude other points like education level, because it is already known from sample. Physical Activity The second part consists of 12 items modified and derived from the Healthy heart questionnaire, which develops by Colorado Public Health Research. We modified it according to the developing country life style. We adopt the pattern of multiple choice and nominal scale for clarification of analysis (Colorado Public Health Research, 2010). For fulfilling the purpose we include the questions related to WHO definitions and for making user friendly, we have given the conceptual definition of the moderate, light and vigorous exercises in easy English words, and these definitions are also derived from American Heart Association guidelines. Dietary Pattern The third part of the questionnaire comprises questions related to dietary pattern. These questions are derived and modified from American Heart Association and American Nutrition guidelines. The scale includes; more than once a day, about once a day, 2-3 times a week, about once a week, 1-3 times a month, and less than once a month, for accuracy of the data of the nutritional status (Colorado Public Health Research 2010). Assumptions underlying the Statistical tests to be used The analysis of the data would be done through available valid statistical software like SPSS 19.0. For the purpose of analyzing the data three statistical tests would be applied in order to measure different levels of association between the key variables. The demographic information would be presented through descriptive statistical analysis (Beitz, 2008). This would include measures of central tendency like (mean, median and mode) to describe the overall demographic characteristics of the study population. Apart from the measures of central tendency, percent analysis (Beitz, 2008) would be used to determine the presence and overall prevalence of ineffective physical activity among study participants. Also percent analysis would be used to determine the unhealthy dietary pattern. In order to determine the association between various demographic variables like age, gender, height and weight of sample size individuals, univariate analysis would be used while determining that the obse rvations would be independent of each other. Population is normally distributed and assuming the homogeneity among the population variances (Bluman, 2011). Moreover, Pearson correlation analysis would be used to examine the strength and nature (positive, negative, inverse, none) of 2 variables of cardio vascular disease. With unhealthy dietary habit, keeping in mind the four assumptions of correlation i.e. the variables should be measured in interval and ratio scale, variables should have a linear relationship between the two, there, all significant outliers should be predicted and removed and the variables should be approximately normally distributed (Beitz, 2008). Effectiveness and Correctness of the Tool Pre –testing of the tool In order to test the effectiveness and correctness of the tool, the tool was pilot tested among three fellows from the MScN students from our class. The tool was distributed for filling the form. The feedback which was received from fellows is quite helpful .While testing the questionnaire; we identified a few components that needed to be modified. Firstly, they identified that in dietary pattern, if we add the instruction that tick the examples mention in bullets so it would be helpful to analyze that which type of ingredient is more common in our population. Secondly they suggest that the BMI should be added in the questionnaire with that feedback we respond that we asked in our questionnaire about weight and height which is equivalent to BMI therefore it was not added in the questionnaire. The feedback was taken as a positive critical reflection and first advice would be incorporated in the final questionnaire for the study purpose. Reflection Overall the questionnaire development was a stimulating and challenging task. The process of questionnaire development in itself is quite difficult as it requires researchers to critically analyze the hypothesis and research questions and formulate such questions that fulfill the overall inquiry of the subject understudy while excluding the unnecessary those details which are not suitable for developing country. In conclusion, the tool development task was a vigorous exercise that would help us to develop an effective tool for our thesis in particular. The pilot testing was an effective strategy to be kept in mind while developing the final tool. Acknowledgement We would like to thank Dr. Raisa Gul and Ms. Yasmin Parpio for their valuable support and guidance throughout the process of the questionnaire development. We would also like to acknowledge and thank all the three study participants who co-operated with us and provided us their valuable time and required data to test the questionnaire.

Techniques Used in Morris Glietzmans Boy Overboard Essay -- essays re

In Morris Glietzmans heart breaking but remarkable book Boy Overboard, he shows how the corrupt government in Afghanistan has forced out many of its inhabitants making them try to leave the country by avoiding the government and staying in refugee camps until they can leave is in the country. Morris Glietzman shows the pressure put on the families in Afghanistan through similes, metaphors, and humour. The Afghanistan government or the Taliban as they are called, are very harsh and unfair with the laws that are in place in Afghanistan and are not nice to the families in the country. Woman are treated very unfairly in Afghanistan for minor crimes, and are whipped or killed for a crime such as showing there ankles in public or not being with a male person of there family while outside. Similes are used throughout Boy Overboard to show a comparison in the readers mind. By using a comparison with another obje0ct and using like or as to show this comparison the object can be shown to be something normally not possible for the person or object to be or do. One example in the story B...